Supplementary Table 1. Medication details for all patient participants
Patient no.	Group	Antipsychotic	Lithium	Valproate	Antidepressant	
1	SCH	Trifluoperazine 20 mg				
2	SCH	Risperidone 3 mg				
3	SCH	Flupentixol decanoate 80 mg/week
Haloperidol 5 mg			Fluoxetine 40 mg	
4	SCH	Flupentixol decanoate 240 mg/week				
5	SCH	Olanzapine 6.25 mg				
6	SCH	Olanzapine 5 mg				
7	SCH	Risperidone 5 mg			Trazadone 200 mg	
8	SCH	Risperidone 7 mg				
9	SCH	Clozapine 475 mg			Clomipramine 125 mg	
10	SCH	Clozapine 250 mg				
11	SCH	Clozapine 400 mg				
12	SCH	Clozapine 400 mg				
13	SCH	Clozapine 250 mg			Fluoxetine 60 mg	
14	SCH	Olanzapine 25 mg				
15	SCH	Clozapine 250 mg			Clomipramine 150 mg	
16	BPD	Olanzapine 5 mg	800 mg		Venlafaxine 150 mg	
17	BPD		1000 mg			
18	BPD	Flupentixol decanoate 100 mg/2 weeks	1600 mg			
19	BPD	Chlorpromazine 100 mg				
20	BPD		1000 mg		Paroxetine 40 mg	
21	BPD			1000 mg		
22	BPD	Quetiapine 25 mg		1200 mg		
23	BPD	Flupentixol decanoate 20 mg/2 weeks				
24	BPD					
25	BPD					
26	BPD			1200 mg	Fluoxetine 60 mg
Trazadone 200 mg	
27	BPD	Risperdal Consta 25 mg/2 weeks				
28	BPD	Flupentixol decanoate 40 mg/2 weeks	1200 mg			
29	BPD	Quetiapine 25 mg			Fluoxetine 20 mg	

SCH, Schizophrenia subjects; BPD, bipolar disorder subjects.
Doses are daily unless stated otherwise. 

Supplementary Table 2. Overall patterns of activation during performance of the face–name pair task in control subjects

p value
(corrected)	
Extent	
z	
Peak height	
Region	
Early encoding versus baseline	
< 0.001
< 0.001*
< 0.001
< 0.001
0.002
0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001	10936
8175
3007
246
59
72
157
272
95	6.84
6.02
5.72
4.89
4.78
4.77
4.64
4.46
4.45	–38 –56 –18
8 10 52 
–40 6 24
–32 –56 50
50 –36 44
–44 –42 6
–16 0 14
30 –56 48
42 52 2	Left fusiform gyrus (BA37)
Right medial frontal gyrus (BA32)
Left inferior frontal gyrus (BA9)
Left precuneus (BA7)
Right inferior parietal lobule (BA40)
Left superior temporal gyrus (BA41)
Left caudate nucleus 
Right superior parietal lobule (BA7)
Right inferior frontal gyrus (BA10)	
Late encoding versus baseline	
< 0.001
< 0.001
0.007
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001	2206
2353
57
183
109
176	7.19
5.77
4.62
4.56
4.28
4.22	–22 –98 0
28 –88 10
50 30 34
42 56 8
–6 20 40
32 26 0	Left middle occipital gyrus (BA18)
Right middle occipital gyrus (BA19)
Right middle frontal gyrus (BA9)
Right inferior frontal gyrus (BA10)
Left cingulate gyrus (BA32)
Right insula cortex (BA13)	
Early retrieval versus baseline	
< 0.001
< 0.001**
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001	19455
3570
2123
149
140
176
205
116	6.92
5.41
5.28
4.90
4.87
4.42
4.41
4.40	–20 –92 0
–2 –30 –10
8 4 50
26 –42 –46
–26 –40 –46
46 38 24
–44 34 28
58 6 16	Left lingual gyrus (BA17)
Right brainstem
Right medial frontal gyrus (BA6)
Right cerebellum
Left cerebellum
Right middle frontal gyrus (BA46)
Left middle frontal gyrus (BA46)
Right inferior frontal gyrus (BA44)	
Late retrieval versus baseline	
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001**
< 0.001
< 0.001
0.003
0.010
0.014
0.019	8179
2060
727
133
1494
170
227
535
117
83
62
57
52	6.34
5.31
5.25
5.22
4.99
4.91
4.86
4.86
4.57
4.41
4.10
3.97
3.91	–28 –94 6
8 14 44
–46 8 10
26 –28 –10
 –18 –70 –46
8 –16 –12
–22 –28 –4
–38 –50 50
–10 –68 48
44 38 26
–40 40 24
–28 –66 44
60 –20 32	Right middle occipital gyrus (BA18)
Right cingulate gyrus (BA32)
Left inferior frontal gyrus (BA44)
Right parahippocampal gyrus (BA28)
Left cerebellum
Right brainstem
Left thalamic nucleus
Left inferior parietal lobule (BA40)
Left precuneus (BA7)
Right middle frontal gyrus (BA46)
Left middle frontal gyrus (BA10)
Left superior parietal lobule (BA7)
Right postcentral gyrus (BA3)	

MNI coordinates. Thresholded p = 0.0001 uncorrected, Ke = 50 voxels.
Cluster-corrected p values are shown. 
*Anterior hippocampus included in cluster. **Posterior hippocampus included in cluster.

Supplementary Table 3. Overall patterns of activation during performance of the face–name pair task in the schizophrenia group

p value
(corrected)	
Extent	
z	
Peak height	
Region	
Early encoding versus baseline	
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001**
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
0.002
0.001
< 0.001**
0.005*
0.001
< 0.001
0.005	8127
1495
1381
446
148
157
1049
1947
281
522
61
71
97
52
76
98
53	6.32
6.00
5.84
5.43
5.43
5.39
5.37
5.29
5.28
4.77
4.75
4.69
4.56
4.53
4.42
4.42
4.01	14 –94 –10
42 8 30
2 34 40
38 –56 54
6 –8 28
–24 –30 –4
42 44 –4
–44 6 32
–32 26 –2
–40 –64 48
12 –74 –24
–6 –78 –28
26 –28 –6
50 30 –12
24 –14 –6
22 22 60
16 4 14	Right lingual gyrus (BA18)
Right inferior frontal gyrus (BA44)
Right medial frontal gyrus (BA8/32)
Right inferior parietal lobule (BA40)
Right cingulate gyrus (BA24)
Left hippocampus
Right middle frontal gyrus (BA10)
Left middle frontal gyrus (BA8)
Left inferior frontal gyrus (BA47)
Left superior frontal gyrus (BA7)
Right cerebellum
Left cerebellum
Right hippocampus
Right inferior frontal gyrus (BA47)
Right hippocampus
Right middle frontal gyrus (BA6)
Right caudate	
Late encoding versus baseline	
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
0.001
< 0.001
0.006**	7128
377
578
534
371
72
314
51	6.84
5.65
5.24
4.78
4.75
4.33
4.28
4.24	–18 –92 4
–42 6 30
46 14 30
38 –60 56
–32 –64 48
–46 28 16
0 20 46
18 –30 0	Left lingual gyrus (BA17)
Left precentral gyrus (BA6)
Right inferior frontal gyrus (BA9)
Right superior parietal lobule (BA7)
Left superior parietal lobule (BA7)
Left inferior frontal gyrus (BA45)
Midline cingulate gyrus (BA32)
Right hippocampus	
Early retrieval versus baseline	
< 0.001
< 0.001
0.003	44244
333
85	6.36
4.79
4.16	–32 –56 –18
48 50 4
–2 –62 –36	Left fusiform gyrus (BA37)
Right middle gyrus (BA10)
Left cerebellum	
Late retrieval versus baseline	
< 0.001
< 0.001**
< 0.001**
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
0.003	20782
1534
1604
4143
517
179
77	6.64
5.67
5.66
5.58
5.49
4.42
4.19	16 –86 –10
24 –28 –4
–20 –30 –2
52 –24 48
–8 –30 –38
–34 42 32
–34 26 –6	Right lingual gyrus (BA18)
Right hippocampus
Left hippocampus
Right postcentral gyrus (BA1)
Left cerebellum
Left middle frontal gyrus (BA8)
Left inferior frontal gyrus (BA47)	

MNI coordinates. Thresholded p = 0.0001 uncorrected, Ke = 50 voxels.
Cluster-corrected p values are shown. 
*Anterior hippocampus included in cluster. **Posterior hippocampus included in cluster.

Supplementary Table 4. Overall patterns of activation during performance of the face–name pair task in the bipolar group

p value
(corrected)	
Extent	
z	
Peak height	
Region	
Early encoding versus baseline	
< 0.001
< 0.001**
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001**
< 0.001
< 0.001
0.002
< 0.001	1990
142
2300
450
229
152
763
116
69
119	5.94
5.64
5.43
4.97
4.97
4.79
4.76
4.69
4.51
4.26	28 –84 –12
–22 –36 0
–16 –88 –14
32 –60 52
8 2 56
26 –30 –4
44 –2 58
–32 –68 34
26 –12 –28
–46 42 22	Right fusiform gyrus (BA18)
Left hippocampus
Left fusiform gyrus (BA18)
Right superior parietal lobule (BA7)
Right cingulate /superior frontal gyrus (BA32/8)
Right hippocampus
Right precentral gyrus (BA4)
Left superior parietal lobule (BA7)
Right parahippocampal gyrus
Left middle frontal gyrus (BA9/46)	
Late encoding versus baseline	
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001*
< 0.001
0.003
< 0.001
0.002
< 0.001**	4626
2316
1535
817
152
896
278
136
154
660
51
117
56
36	6.33
5.85
5.81
5.50
5.23
5.23
5.20
5.16
5.11
5.09
4.92
4.89
4.81
4.70	–36 –58 –20
34 –78 –20
28 20 12
–36 –64 52
–36 0 56
32 –58 48
46 46 0
–42 28 26
36 –14 –22
18 20 64
4 –20 22
–28 8 24
–36 –12 16
28 –32 4	Left fusiform gyrus (BA19)
Left fusiform gyrus (BA19)
Right insula
Left superior parietal lobule (BA7)
Left middle frontal gyrus (BA6)
Right superior parietal lobule (BA7)
Right middle frontal gyrus (BA46)
Left middle frontal gyrus (BA46)
Right hippocampus
Right superior frontal gyrus (BA6)
Right thalamus
Left inferior frontal gyrus (BA44)
Left insula
Right hippocampus	
Early retrieval versus baseline	
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
0.016
< 0.001
0.002
0.001
0.015
0.002
0.003
0.022	2215
7910
1423
3006
504
125
1824
978
57
600
93
111
59
96
90
52	6.55
6.21
5.71
5.66
5.59
5.50
5.23
5.02
4.96
4.93
4.54
4.53
4.41
4.24
4.12
4.01	36 –56 44
16 –88 –14
–7 8 50
60 8 32
–28 24 2
0 –32 –12
–32 –68 34
–42 30 26
–30 56 –12
–34 –8 50
34 38 8
12 –10 –6
–4 –10 –2
–22 –24 2
24 –28 0
14 –14 8	Right inferior parietal lobule (BA40)
Right fusiform gyrus (BA18)
Left medial frontal gyrus (BA6)
Right inferior frontal gyrus (BA44)
Left insula
Midline brainstem
Left superior parietal lobule (BA7)
Left middle frontal gyrus (BA9/46)
Left middle frontal gyrus (BA10)
Left precentral gyrus (BA4)
Left middle frontal gyrus (BA46)
Right thalamus
Left thalamus
Left thalamus
Right thalamus
Right thalamus	
Late retrieval versus baseline	
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
0.009
0.004	6989
2390
495
754
725
1918
201
111
118
52
62	6.71
6.15
6.12
5.60
5.26
5.23
5.12
4.86
4.84
4.63
4.23	44 –66 –22
38 –44 64
56 6 28
28 –4 66
8 2 48
–26 0 62
32 24 0
–6 –22 –10
40 34 24
–28 –24 0
56 –18 22	Right fusiform (BA19)
Right superior parietal lobule (BA7)
Right inferior frontal gyrus (BA44)
Right superior frontal gyrus (BA6)
Right cingulate gyrus (BA32)
Left middle frontal gyrus (BA6)
Right insula
Left midbrain
Right middle frontal gyrus (BA46)
Left insula
Right postcentral gyrus (BA2)	

MNI coordinates. Thresholded p = 0.0001 uncorrected, Ke = 50 voxels.
Cluster-corrected p values are shown. 
*Anterior hippocampus included in cluster. **Posterior hippocampus included in cluster.