********************************************** * Electoral Institutions and Electoral Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa * Hanne Fjelde and Kristine Hšglund * British Journal of Political Science ********************************************** clear use "/Users/user/Dropbox/forskning/ElectoralViolence/QuantElectoralViolence/ElectionsAsDistribution/3rdsbm_BJPS/Final/electoralviolence_BJPS.dta" tsset ccode paneldate ********************************************************** ** Table 1: Electoral Systems and Electoral Violence *Model 1: Opposition violence logit riots_alt iaep_maj iaep4 l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.riots_alt if sample==1, cl(ccode) *Model 2: Opposition violence logit riots_alt i_lnmdmh l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.riots_alt if sample==1, cl(ccode) *Model 3: Government logit progov_alt iaep_maj iaep4 l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.progov_alt if sample==1, cl(ccode) *Model 4: Government logit progov_alt i_lnmdmh l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.progov_alt if sample==1, cl(ccode) ********************************************************** ** Table 2: Electoral Systems, Electoral Dynamics, and Electoral Violence *Model 1: Opposition violence logit riots_alt iaep_maj fraud_el_time competitive_el_time incumbentrun_time monitors_time iaep4 l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.riots_alt if electoralperiod==1, cl(ccode) *Model 2: Opposition violence logit riots_alt i_lnmdmh fraud_el_time competitive_el_time incumbentrun_time monitors_time l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.riots_alt if electoralperiod==1, cl(ccode) *Model 3: Government violence logit progov_alt iaep_maj iaep4 fraud_el_time competitive_el_time incumbentrun_time monitors_time l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.progov_alt if electoralperiod ==1, cl(ccode) *Model 4: Government violence logit progov_alt i_lnmdmh fraud_el_time competitive_el_time incumbentrun_time monitors_time l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.progov_alt if electoralperiod ==1, cl(ccode) ********************************************************** ** Table 3: Electoral Systems, Societal Cleavages, and Electoral Violence * Interaction with ethnic exclusion generate excl_size_iaep= excl_size*iaep_maj generate excl_size_ilnmdmh= excl_size* i_lnmdmh *Model 1: Opposition violence logit riots_alt excl_size_iaep excl_size iaep_maj l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.riots_alt iaep4 if sample==1, cl(ccode) *Model 2: Opposition violence logit riots_alt excl_size_ilnmdmh excl_size i_lnmdmh l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.riots_alt if sample==1, cl(ccode) *Model 3: Government violence logit progov_alt excl_size_iaep excl_size iaep_maj l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.progov_alt iaep4 if sample==1, cl(ccode) *Model 4: Government violence logit progov_alt excl_size_ilnmdmh excl_size i_lnmdmh l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.progov_alt if sample==1, cl(ccode) ** Interaction with land inequality generate landin= landinequality/100 generate inequ_maj= landin* iaep_maj generate inequmdmh= landin* i_lnmdmh *Model 5: Opposition violence logit riots_alt inequ_maj landin iaep_maj l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.riots_alt iaep4 if sample==1, cl(ccode) *Model 6: Opposition violence logit riots_alt inequmdmh landin i_lnmdmh l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.riots_alt if sample==1, cl(ccode) *Model 7: Government violence logit progov_alt inequ_maj landin iaep_maj l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.progov_alt iaep4 if sample==1, cl(ccode) *Model 8: Government violence logit progov_alt inequmdmh landin i_lnmdmh l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.progov_alt if sample==1, cl(ccode) ********************************************************** ** Graphing interaction effects by ccode: generate l12polity2 =l12.polity2 by ccode: generate l12polity2sq=l12.politysq by ccode: generate l12lnpop = l12.lnpop by ccode: generate lcw = l.cw by ccode: generate l12lngdpc = l12.lngdpc by ccode: generate lriots_alt = l.riots_alt by ccode: generate lprogov_alt = l.progov_alt ** Ethnic exclusion * Figure 2a intgph logit riots_alt l12polity2 l12polity2sq l12lnpop l12lngdpc iaep4 lcw lriots_alt if sample==1, ivars(excl_size iaep_maj) /// cmdopts(cl(ccode)) setx(l12polity2 mean l12polity2sq mean l12lnpop mean l12lngdpc mean lriots_alt 0 lcw 0 iaep4 0) xtitle(Size excluded group) ytitle(Change in pr(Opposition Violence=1)) slopetest(0 .44) * Figure 2b intgph logit riots_alt l12polity2 l12polity2sq l12lnpop l12lngdpc lcw lriots_alt if sample==1, ivars(excl_size i_lnmdmh) /// cmdopts(cl(ccode)) setx(l12polity2 mean l12polity2sq mean l12lnpop mean l12lngdpc mean lriots_alt 0 lcw 0) xtitle(Size excluded group) ytitle(Change in pr(Non-state Actor Violence=1)) slopetest(0 .44) * Figure 2c intgph logit progov_alt l12polity2 l12polity2sq l12lnpop l12lngdpc lcw lprogov_alt iaep4 if sample==1, ivars(excl_size iaep_maj) /// cmdopts(cl(ccode)) setx(l12polity2 mean l12polity2sq mean l12lnpop mean l12lngdpc mean lcw 0 iaep4 0 lprogov_alt 0 ) xtitle(Size excluded group) ytitle(Change in pr(Government Violence=1)) slopetest(0 .44) * Figure 2d intgph logit progov_alt l12polity2 l12polity2sq l12lnpop l12lngdpc lcw lprogov_alt if sample==1, ivars(excl_size i_lnmdmh) /// cmdopts(cl(ccode)) setx(l12polity2 mean l12polity2sq mean l12lnpop mean l12lngdpc mean lcw 0 lprogov_alt 0 ) xtitle(Size excluded group) ytitle(Change in pr(Government Violence=1)) slopetest(0 .44) ** Land inequality * Figure 3a intgph logit riots_alt l12polity2 l12polity2sq l12lnpop l12lngdpc lcw lriots_alt iaep4 if sample==1, ivars(landin iaep_maj) /// cmdopts(cl(ccode)) setx(l12polity2 mean l12polity2sq mean l12lnpop mean l12lngdpc mean lriots_alt 0 lcw 0 iaep4 0) xtitle(Land inequality) ytitle(Change in pr(Opposition Violence=1)) slopetest(.4 .74) * Figure 3b intgph logit riots_alt l12polity2 l12polity2sq l12lnpop l12lngdpc lcw lriots_alt if sample==1, ivars(landin i_lnmdmh) /// cmdopts(cl(ccode)) setx(l12polity2 mean l12polity2sq mean l12lnpop mean l12lngdpc mean lriots_alt 0 lcw 0) xtitle(Land inequality) ytitle(Change in pr(Opposition Violence=1)) slopetest(.4 .74) * Figure 3c intgph logit progov_alt l12polity2 l12polity2sq l12lnpop l12lngdpc lcw lprogov_alt iaep4 if sample==1, ivars( landin iaep_maj) /// cmdopts(cl(ccode)) setx(l12polity2 mean l12polity2sq mean l12lnpop mean l12lngdpc mean lcw 1 lprogov_alt 0 iaep4 0) xtitle(Land inequality) ytitle(Change in pr(Government Violence=1)) slopetest(.4 .74) * Figure 3d intgph logit progov_alt l12polity2 l12polity2sq l12lnpop l12lngdpc lcw lprogov_alt if sample==1, ivars(landin i_lnmdmh) /// cmdopts(cl(ccode)) setx(l12polity2 mean l12polity2sq mean l12lnpop mean l12lngdpc mean lcw 1 lprogov_alt 0 ) xtitle(Land inequality) ytitle(Change in pr(Government Violence=1)) slopetest(.4 .74) ********************************************************** ** Supplemental appendix ********************************************************** sort ccode paneldate ** A2) Count of the number of electoral violence events nbreg riots_no_alt iaep_maj l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.riots iaep4 if sample==1, cl(ccode) nbreg riots_no_alt i_lnmdmh l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.riots if sample==1, cl(ccode) nbreg progov_no_alt iaep_maj l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l12.cw l.progov iaep4 if sample==1, cl(ccode) nbreg progov_no_alt i_lnmdmh l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l12.cw l.progov if sample==1, cl(ccode) ** A3) Opposition to include organized militant groups logit electviol_nongov_alt iaep_maj l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.electviol_nongov_alt iaep4 if sample==1, cl(ccode) logit electviol_nongov_alt i_lnmdmh l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.electviol_nongov_alt if sample==1, cl(ccode) **A4) Control for use of violence by other party logit riots_alt iaep_maj l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.riots_alt l.progov_alt iaep4 if sample==1 , cl(ccode) logit riots_alt i_lnmdmh l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.riots_alt l.progov_alt if sample==1, cl(ccode) logit progov_alt iaep_maj l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.progov_alt l.riots_alt iaep4 if sample==1, cl(ccode) logit progov_alt i_lnmdmh l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.progov_alt l.riots_alt if sample==1, cl(ccode) **A5) Control for quality of governance logit riots_alt iaep_maj iaep4 l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.riots_alt l12.icrg_qog if sample==1 , cl(ccode) logit riots_alt i_lnmdmh l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.riots_alt l12.icrg_qog if sample==1, cl(ccode) logit progov_alt iaep_maj l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.progov_alt l12.icrg_qog iaep4 if sample==1, cl(ccode) logit progov_alt i_lnmdmh l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.progov_alt l12.icrg_qog if sample==1, cl(ccode) **A6) Control for time since election logit riots_alt iaep_maj iaep4 l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.riots_alt l.time_firstcomp if sample==1 , cl(ccode) logit riots_alt i_lnmdmh l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.riots_alt l.time_firstcomp if sample==1, cl(ccode) logit progov_alt iaep_maj iaep4 l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.progov_alt l.time_firstcomp if sample==1, cl(ccode) logit progov_alt i_lnmdmh l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.progov_alt l.time_firstcomp if sample==1, cl(ccode) ** A7) Control for legal origin logit riots_alt iaep_maj l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.riots_alt legor_uk iaep4 if sample==1 , cl(ccode) logit riots_alt i_lnmdmh l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.riots_alt legor_uk if sample==1, cl(ccode) logit progov_alt iaep_maj l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.progov_alt legor_uk iaep4 if sample==1, cl(ccode) logit progov_alt i_lnmdmh l12.polity2 l12.politysq l12.lnpop l12.lngdpc l.cw l.progov_alt legor_uk if sample==1, cl(ccode)