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\title{Online Appendix for ``Maternal Health Intervention and Sex Ratios: Evidence from the Village Midwife Program in Indonesia" }

\date{ \bigskip November 2022}
\maketitle

\noindent
\textbf{Keywords}: Fetal Origins Hypothesis; Maternal Health Policy; Human Capital Formation; Trivers–Willard hypothesis\\
\textbf{JEL Classifications}: I15, I18, J13 \\
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\clearpage	



\clearpage

\subsection*{Figures}

\setcounter{figure}{0}
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\begin{figure}[httb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=160mm]{Final_Graphs/exposure_frequency.eps}
\caption{Histogram of years of exposure to a midwife}
\label{fig:exposure_freq}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[httb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=150mm]{Final_Graphs/male_likelihood_random_start.eps}
\caption{Impact estimates with random start month of program}
\label{fig:midwives_random}
\end{figure}



\clearpage
\subsection*{Tables}
\setcounter{table}{0}
\renewcommand{\thetable}{A\arabic{table}}

\begin{table}[httb]

\caption{\large{Comparison of characteristics between program and non-program communities }}
\centering
\scalebox{0.65}{
\begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
\toprule

\hline

 & \thead{Non-Program \\ communities}& \thead{Program \\ communities} & \thead {Difference} & \thead{Standard\\deviation} & \thead{Observations}\\
%\hline
&&&\\
\underline{Panel A: Community Characteristics in 1993}\\
&&&\\
\midrule
Paved Road (=1)&      0.8369&      0.9176&       0.081** &      0.0367&         311\\
Electricity (=1)&      0.8794&      0.9529&       0.074** &      0.0308&         311\\
Urban(=1)      &      0.3191&      0.7882&       0.469***&      0.0498&         311\\
Distance to the Nearest Health Facility&      1.5348&      0.9112&      -0.624** &      0.3103&         311\\
Distance to the Nearest Market&      3.2312&      1.3882&      -1.843***&      0.4028&         311\\
Public Telephone (=1)&      0.1560&      0.6529&       0.497***&      0.0490&         311\\
Number of Health Posts&      5.7730&     10.3176&       4.545***&      0.8536&         311\\
Distance to the District Capital&     27.2624&     11.3106&     -15.952***&      3.0620&         311\\


&&&\\
\underline{Panel B: Household and Maternal Characteristics (Birth Cohort 1981-1988)}\\
&&&\\
\midrule
Male Child(=1) &      0.5184&      0.4876&       0.031** &      0.0138&        5314\\
 Mother's Years of Education&      5.2757&      4.0071&       1.269***&      0.0919&        5314\\
Menstruation Age&     14.4076&     14.4246&      -0.017   &      0.0463&        5299\\
Mother Age at First Marriage&     18.9806&     17.8814&       1.099***&      0.1202&        5164\\
Mother's Age at Birth&     25.7247&     25.2018&       0.523***&      0.1610&        5314\\
Household Head Age in Years&     40.1772&     39.5337&       0.643***&      0.2317&        5314\\
Household Head Male (=1)&      0.9421&      0.9339&       0.008   &      0.0067&        5314\\
Household Head Years of Education&      6.3351&      4.8601&       1.475***&      0.0996&        5185\\

\hline

\end{tabular}}
\parbox[t]{17cm}{Notes: Panel A of the table compares baseline community characteristics of program areas and non-program areas. Program areas are communities which have received a midwife between 1989 and 2007 and non-program areas refer to the remaining communities. Panel B examines the maternal and household characteristics of the birth cohort 1981-1988--this is the cohort in our data which did not have any \textit{in utero} exposure to a midwife, even if born in a program community.}

\label{tab:community_summary}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[httb]

\caption{\large{Comparison of characteristics between mother fixed-effects sample and the remaining sample }}
\centering
\scalebox{0.8}{
\begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
\toprule

\hline

 & \thead{Non-Mother\\ FE Sample}& \thead{Mother \\ FE Sample} & \thead {Difference} & \thead{Standard\\Deviation} & \thead{Observations}\\
%\hline
&&&\\
\midrule
Male Child(=1) &      0.5021&      0.5144&      -0.012   &      0.0097&       15636\\
 Mother's Years of Education&      7.1237&      5.5675&       1.556***&      0.0699&       15636\\
Menstruation Age&     13.9407&     14.2941&      -0.353***&      0.0323&       15565\\
Mother Age at First Marriage&     20.4372&     19.1211&       1.316***&      0.0860&       15343\\
Mother's Age at Birth&     25.5275&     27.0177&      -1.490***&      0.1207&       15636\\
Household Head Age in Years&     42.3934&     39.1096&       3.284***&      0.2137&       15633\\
Household Head Male (=1)&      0.8686&      0.9229&      -0.054***&      0.0055&       15636\\
Household Head Years of Education&      6.3330&      5.9319&       0.401***&      0.0736&       15319\\

\hline

\end{tabular}}
\parbox[t]{15cm}{Notes: This table compares the characteristics of children included in the mother fixed effects sample with those not included in the same. See the text for greater details.}

\label{tab:mother_FE_summary}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[htbp]

  \centering
    \scalebox{1.4}{
  \caption{\large{Impact of the Village Midwife Program  on Antenatal Care in the First Trimester: Birth cohort last five years from survey}}

    \begin{tabular}{lcccccccccc}
    \toprule
    \hline 
    &&&\\
               &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(1)}   \\
\midrule
Presence of Midwife(=1)&      0.0049   \\
               &    (0.0200)   \\
\midrule
 Observations  &        8796   \\
Control Mean (Dep. Var.)&        0.84   \\


    \bottomrule
                      \multicolumn{3}{p{0.5\textwidth}} {\begin{small}   
 Notes: Standard errors are clustered at the community level (*** p$<$0.01, ** p$<$0.05, * p$<$0.1). The sample is restricted to children who are born within last five year of the survey.  The variable $Presence$ $of$ $Midwife$ is a dummy for the presence of a midwife during the birth year of a child. The individual controls include maternal years of education (splines with knots at $6$,$9$, and $12$) and maternal age at survey (splines with knots at $20$, $25$, $30$, $35$, $40$, and $45$). Community controls include time-varying characteristics at the community level: paved road status, electricity status, number of health posts, urban status, public phone status, distance to market, distance to the district capital center, and distance to the nearest health facility. All regressions include birth month fixed effects, birth year fixed effects, birth order fixed effects, and community fixed effects.
\end{small}}
    \end{tabular}%
  \label{tab:ante_first}%
  }

\end{table}%


 \begin{table}[htbp]
  \centering
  \caption{Impact of midwife on the BMI of reproductive age mothers: Birth cohort 1981-2007}
  \scalebox{0.85}{
    \begin{tabular}{lccccccc}
    \toprule
    \hline          


               &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(1)}   \\
\midrule
Presence of Midwife(=1)&      0.2291*  \\
               &    (0.1229)   \\
\midrule
Observations   &       14435   \\
Control Mean (Dep. Var.)&       21.82   \\


 \bottomrule
                     \multicolumn{2}{p{1.3\textwidth}} {\begin{small}   
Notes: Standard errors are clustered at the community level (*** p$<$0.01, ** p$<$0.05, * p$<$0.1). The sample is restricted to mothers who are between $20$-$50$ years of age at the time of survey and who have given birth between 1981-2007. The individual controls include maternal years of education (splines with knots at $6$,$9$, and $12$) and maternal age at survey (splines with knots at $20$, $25$, $30$, $35$, $40$, and $45$). Community controls include time-varying characteristics at the community level: paved road status, electricity status, number of health posts, urban status, public phone status, distance to market, distance to the district capital center, and distance to the nearest health facility. 
\end{small}}
    \end{tabular}%
  \label{tab:mbmi}%
  }
\end{table}
  
\clearpage

  \begin{table}[httb]

\caption{\large{Comparison of characteristics between migrant and non-migrant sample }}
\centering
\scalebox{0.95}{
\begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
\toprule

\hline

 & \thead{Non-migrant \\ sample}& \thead{Migrant \\ sample} & \thead {Difference} & \thead{Standard\\deviations} & \thead{Observations}\\
%\hline
&&&\\
\midrule
Years of Education&      5.9011&      8.7673&      -2.866***&      0.0671&       19204\\
Maternal Age at Survey&     31.0514&     28.8321&       2.219***&      0.1220&       19204\\
Menstruation Age&     14.2184&     13.8165&       0.402***&      0.0304&       19114\\
Mother Age at First Marriage&     19.4030&     21.6282&      -2.225***&      0.0817&       18889\\


\bottomrule
\end{tabular}}
\parbox[t]{16cm}{Notes: This table compares characteristics of migrant and non-migrant mothers during the entire sample period in the paper. See the text for more details.}

\label{tab:migrant_summary}
\end{table}
 \begin{table}
\centering
  \caption{\large{Impact of midwife on migration}}
  \scalebox{1.1}{
    \begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
    \toprule
      & \thead{Migration} \\
      
  
               &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(1)}   \\
\midrule
Presence of Midwife (=1)&      0.0083   \\
               &    (0.0155)   \\
\midrule
Observations   &       19204   \\
Control Mean (Dep. Var.)&        0.18   \\

     \hline
      \multicolumn{2}{p{1.0\textwidth}} {\begin{small}   
Notes: Standard errors are clustered at the community level (*** p$<$0.01, ** p$<$0.05, * p$<$0.1). The dependent variable \textit{Migration} takes a value of 1 if the mother moved to a different community from original community and 0 otherwise. The variable $Presence$ $of$ $Midwife$ is a dummy for the presence of a midwife during the birth year of a child. Original communities are communities which were sampled in the first wave of the IFLS. The individual controls include maternal years of education (splines with knots at $6$,$9$, and $12$) and maternal age at survey (splines with knots at $20$, $25$, $30$, $35$, $40$, and $45$). The regression includes wave fixed effects and community fixed effects.
\end{small}}
    \end{tabular}%
  \label{tab:migration}%
  }
\end{table}
\clearpage

  \begin{table}[htbp]
  
  \centering
  \caption{ Village Midwife Program and maternal, household, and community characteristics of the live birth sample: Birth cohort 1981-2007}
  \scalebox{0.45}{
    \begin{tabular}{lccccccc|ccc|cc}
    \toprule
    \hline          

     & \multicolumn{7}{c}{\underline{{\hspace{35mm} \thead{Mother-level characteristics}\hspace{60mm}}}}        & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\underline{{\hspace{10mm} \thead{Household head characteristics}\hspace{10mm}}}} &  \multicolumn{2}{c}{\underline{{\hspace{20mm} \thead{ Community-level characteristics} \hspace{10mm}}}}   \\
     & \thead{ Years of \\ education } & \thead {Age at \\first \\ birth }   & \thead {Age at \\ birth } & \thead{ Menarche \\ age (in years)}   & \thead{ Marriage \\ age (in years)}  & \thead{Married} & \thead{Height \\ (in Centimeters)}  & \thead{Age \\ (in years)} & \thead{Male} & \thead{ Years of \\ education} & \thead{Number of \\ births} & \thead{ Proportion of \\ women \\ giving \\birth} \\\
               &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(1)}   &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(2)}   &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(3)}   &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(4)}   &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(5)}   &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(6)}   &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(7)}   &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(8)}   &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(9)}   &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(10)}   &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(11)}   &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(12)}   \\
\midrule
Presence of Midwife(=1)&      0.1554   &     -0.2749   &      0.0006   &      0.0265   &     -0.1906   &      0.0094   &     -0.3410   &     -0.1539   &      0.0096   &      0.0871   &     -0.0019   &     -0.0014   \\
               &    (0.1135)   &    (0.2122)   &    (0.0114)   &    (0.0694)   &    (0.1585)   &    (0.0122)   &    (0.2341)   &    (0.4065)   &    (0.0102)   &    (0.1058)   &    (0.0905)   &    (0.0054)   \\
\midrule
Observations   &       15636   &       15081   &       15636   &       15565   &       15343   &       15635   &       14743   &       15633   &       15636   &       15319   &        6528   &       15494   \\
 Control Mean (Dep. Var.)&        4.01   &       22.74   &       25.20   &       14.42   &       17.88   &        0.76   &      149.74   &       39.53   &        0.93   &        4.86   &        2.77   &        0.20   \\


 \bottomrule
                      \multicolumn{13}{p{35cm}} {\begin{small}   
Notes: Standard errors are clustered at the community level (*** p$<$0.01, ** p$<$0.05, * p$<$0.1). The variable $Presence$ $of$ $Midwife$ is a dummy for the presence of a midwife during the birth year of a child. 
%The individual controls include maternal years of education (splines with knots at $6$,$9$, and $12$) and maternal age at survey (splines with knots at $20$, $25$, $30$, $35$, $40$, and $45$). Community controls include time-varying changes at the community level: paved road status, electricity status, number of health posts, urban status, public phone status, distance to market, distance to the district capital center, and distance to the nearest health facility. 
Regressions in columns (1)-(10) include birth month fixed effects, birth year fixed effects, birth order fixed effects, and community fixed effects. Regressions in columns (11) and (12) include birth year fixed effects and community fixed effects. Please refer to the main text for greater details.
\end{small}}
    \end{tabular}%
  \label{tab:resultsel}%
  }
  \end{table}
  

  \begin{table}
\centering
  \caption{Impact of midwife on miscarriage or stillbirth}
  \scalebox{0.8}{
    \begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
    \toprule
      & \thead{With Community FE}  & \thead{With Mother FE} \\
      

               &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(1)}   &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(2)}   \\
\midrule
Presence of Midwife(=1)&     -0.0021   &     -0.0040   \\
               &    (0.0090)   &    (0.0134)   \\
\midrule
Observations   &       17209   &       14029   \\
Control Mean (Dep. Var.)&        0.08   &        0.08   \\

     \hline
      \multicolumn{3}{p{1.2\textwidth}} {\begin{small}   
Notes: Standard errors are clustered at the community level (*** p$<$0.01, ** p$<$0.05, * p$<$0.1).The dependent variable takes the value of 1 if the outcome of the pregnancy was a miscarriage or stillbirth and 0 otherwise. The variable $Presence$ $of$ $Midwife$ is a dummy for the presence of a midwife during the birth year of a child. The individual controls include maternal years of education (splines with knots at $6$,$9$, and $12$) and maternal age at survey (splines with knots at $20$, $25$, $30$, $35$, $40$, and $45$). Community controls include time-varying characteristics at the community level: paved road status, electricity status, number of health posts, urban status, public phone status, distance to market, distance to the district capital center, and distance to the nearest health facility. All regressions include birth year fixed effects and community fixed effects.
\end{small}}
    \end{tabular}%
  \label{tab:miscarriage}%
  }
\end{table}
  

\clearpage
\begin{table}[httb]

\caption{\large{Comparison of characteristics between missing and non-missing birth month samples}}
\centering
\scalebox{0.9}{
\begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
\toprule

\hline

 & \thead{Birth \\ months \\ not \\ missing}& \thead{Birth \\ months \\ missing} & \thead {Difference} & \thead{Standard\\deviation} & \thead{Observations}\\
%\hline
&&&\\
\midrule
Male Child(=1) &      0.5107&      0.5234&      -0.013   &      0.0141&       15636\\
 Mother's Years of Education&      6.2268&      2.4993&       3.728***&      0.0986&       15636\\
Menstruation Age&     14.2067&     14.3442&      -0.137***&      0.0470&       15565\\
Mother Age at First Marriage&     19.5696&     17.5715&       1.998***&      0.1275&       15343\\
Mother's Age at Birth&     26.6868&     26.8224&      -0.136   &      0.1761&       15636\\
Household Head Age in Years&     39.6728&     41.2741&      -1.601***&      0.3123&       15633\\
Household Head Male (=1)&      0.9107&      0.9174&      -0.007   &      0.0080&       15636\\
Household Head Years of Education&      6.2597&      3.4633&       2.796***&      0.1054&       15319\\
\bottomrule

\end{tabular}}
\parbox[t]{15cm}{Notes: This table compares the characteristics of children whose birth months are missing and whose birth months are non-missing in our main regression sample. See the text for greater details.}

\label{tab:birth_missing_summary}
\end{table}


 \begin{table}[htbp]
  \centering
  \caption{\large{Robustness checks--missing birth months}}
  \scalebox{1.2}{
    \begin{tabular}{lcccccccccc}
    \toprule
    \hline
     & \thead{All \\ births}   & \thead{ Excluding births \\  with missing \\ birth months}  \\         
               &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(1)}   &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(2)}   \\
\midrule
Presence of Midwife(=1)&      0.0310** &      0.0304** \\
               &    (0.0141)   &    (0.0152)   \\
\midrule
Observations   &       15636   &       14268   \\
Control Mean (Dep. Var.)&       0.488   &       0.481   \\

    \bottomrule
                      \multicolumn{3}{p{0.7\textwidth}} {\begin{small}   
Notes: Standard errors are clustered at the community level (*** p$<$0.01, ** p$<$0.05, * p$<$0.1).  The dependent variable is the likelihood of a live birth being male which takes a value of $1$ if the child is male, and $0$ otherwise. The variable $Presence$ $of$ $Midwife$ is a dummy for the presence of a midwife during the birth year of a child. The individual controls include maternal years of education (splines with knots at $6$,$9$, and $12$) and maternal age at survey (splines with knots at $20$, $25$, $30$, $35$, $40$, and $45$). Community controls include time-varying characteristics at the community level: paved road status, electricity status, number of health posts, urban status, public phone status, distance to market, distance to the district capital center, and distance to the nearest health facility. All regressions include birth month fixed effects, birth year fixed effects, birth order fixed effects, and community fixed effects.
\end{small}}
    \end{tabular}%
  \label{tab:month_miss}%
  }

\end{table}








 \begin{table}
\centering
  \caption{\large{Impact of a midwife on the likelihood of a live birth being male--first birth order}}
  \scalebox{1.1}{
    \begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
    \toprule
    \hline 
               &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(1)}   \\
\midrule
Presence of Midwife(=1)&      0.0321   \\
               &    (0.0206)   \\
\midrule
Observations   &        7373   \\
Control Mean (Dep. Var.)&       0.473   \\

  \bottomrule
      \multicolumn{2}{p{1.0\textwidth}} {\begin{small}   
Notes: Standard errors are clustered at the community level (*** p$<$0.01, ** p$<$0.05, * p$<$0.1). The dependent variable takes a value of $1$ if the child is male, and $0$ otherwise. The variable $Presence$ $of$ $Midwife$ is a dummy for the presence of a midwife during the birth year of a child. The individual controls include maternal years of education (splines with knots at $6$,$9$, and $12$) and maternal age at survey (splines with knots at $20$, $25$, $30$, $35$, $40$, and $45$). Community controls include time-varying characteristics at the community level: paved road status, electricity status, number of health posts, urban status, public phone status, distance to market, distance to the district capital center, and distance to the nearest health facility. The regression specification also includes birth month and birth year fixed effects.
\end{small}}
    \end{tabular}%
  \label{tab:first_birth}%
  }
\end{table}
 


\begin{table}
\centering
  \caption{\large{Impact of a midwife on desire for additional children and son-preference}}
  \scalebox{1.0}{
    \begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
    \toprule
      & \thead{Wants \\ additional \\ children}   & \thead{ Son \\ -preference} \\
      
    \hline 
               &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(1)}   &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(2)}   \\
\midrule
Presence of Midwife (=1)&     -0.0078   &     -0.0423** \\
               &    (0.0097)   &    (0.0173)   \\
\midrule
Observations   &       23871   &        9003   \\
Control Mean (Dep. Var.)&        0.40   &        0.30   \\

     \bottomrule
      \multicolumn{3}{p{0.8\textwidth}} {\begin{small}   
Notes: Standard errors are clustered at the community level (*** p$<$0.01, ** p$<$0.05, * p$<$0.1). The variable $Presence$ $of$ $Midwife$ is a dummy for the presence of a midwife in the community during the survey wave and 0 otherwise. $Wants$ $Additional$ $Children$ takes a value of 1 if the mother wants at least one more child. $Son$ $Preference$ takes a value of 1 if the mother wants more sons than daughters.  The individual controls include maternal years of education (splines with knots at $6$,$9$, and $12$) and maternal age at survey (splines with knots at $20$, $25$, $30$, $35$, $40$, and $45$). Community controls include time-varying characteristics at the community level: paved road status, electricity status, number of health posts, urban status, public phone status, distance to market, distance to the district capital center, and distance to the nearest health facility. All regressions include wave fixed effects and community fixed effects.
\end{small}}
    \end{tabular}%
  \label{tab:add_son}%
  }


\end{table}
  
 \begin{table}
\centering
  \caption{\large{Impact of a midwife on the likelihood of a live birth being male--Birth Cohort 1988 to 2007}}
  \scalebox{1.1}{
    \begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
    \toprule
    \hline 
              &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(1)}   \\
\midrule
Presence of Midwife(=1)&      0.0276   \\
               &    (0.0170)   \\
\midrule
Observations   &       11003   \\

     \bottomrule
      \multicolumn{2}{p{1.0\textwidth}} {\begin{small}   
Notes: Standard errors are clustered at the community level (*** p$<$0.01, ** p$<$0.05, * p$<$0.1). The dependent variable takes a value of $1$ if the child is male, and $0$ otherwise. The variable $Presence$ $of$ $Midwife$ is a dummy for the presence of a midwife during the birth year of a child. The individual controls include maternal years of education (splines with knots at $6$,$9$, and $12$) and maternal age at survey (splines with knots at $20$, $25$, $30$, $35$, $40$, and $45$). Community controls include time-varying characteristics at the community level: paved road status, electricity status, number of health posts, urban status, public phone status, distance to market, distance to the district capital center, and distance to the nearest health facility. The regression specification also includes birth month and birth year fixed effects.
\end{small}}
    \end{tabular}%
  \label{tab:recall_check}%
  }
\end{table}
 


\begin{table}[htbp]
  \centering
  \caption{Impact of the Village Midwife Program on the likelihood of live birth being male--Heterogeneity}
  \scalebox{1.0}{
    \begin{tabular}{lcccccccccc}
    \toprule
     & \thead{All \\ Births} & \thead { Lower \\than \\Median }   & \thead { Higher \\than \\Median } \\
      
 &&&&\\
  \hline
      \textbf{ Panel A: By mother education} &&& \\
    \hline        
               &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(1)}   &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(2)}   &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(3)}   \\
\midrule
Presence of Midwife(=1)&      0.0310** &      0.0304   &      0.0118   \\
               &    (0.0141)   &    (0.0194)   &    (0.0259)   \\
\midrule
Observations   &       15636   &        9837   &        5799   \\
Control Mean (Dep. Var.)&       0.488   &       0.488   &       0.484   \\
p-value of coefficient difference between lower and higher &               &               &       0.580   \\

 \hline
      \textbf{ Panel B: By mother height} &&& \\
    \hline        
               &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(1)}   &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(2)}   &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(3)}   \\
\midrule
Presence of Midwife(=1)&      0.0337** &      0.0350*  &      0.0196   \\
               &    (0.0149)   &    (0.0210)   &    (0.0234)   \\
\midrule
Observations   &       14743   &        7384   &        7359   \\
Control Mean (Dep. Var.)&       0.491   &       0.490   &       0.491   \\
p-value of coefficient difference between lower and higher &               &               &       0.401   \\

 % \hline
 \hline 
 &&&&\\
     \textbf{Panel C: By distance to the nearest health facility} &&& \\
    \hline   
               &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(1)}   &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(2)}   &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(3)}   \\
\midrule
Presence of Midwife(=1)&      0.0310** &     -0.0057   &      0.0416*  \\
               &    (0.0141)   &    (0.0268)   &    (0.0226)   \\
\midrule
Observations   &       15636   &        7053   &        8583   \\
Control Mean (Dep. Var.)&       0.488   &       0.510   &       0.480   \\
p-value of Coefficient Difference between lower and higher &               &               &       0.191   \\

 \hline
 
    \bottomrule
                      \multicolumn{4}{p{1.1\textwidth}} {\begin{small}   
Notes: Standard errors are clustered at the community level (*** p$<$0.01, ** p$<$0.05, * p$<$0.1).  The dependent variable takes a value of $1$ if the child is male, and $0$ otherwise. The variable $Presence$ $of$ $Midwife$ takes a value of 1 if the community received a midwife during the year or before the year a child in that community was born and 0 otherwise. The individual controls include maternal years of education (splines with knots at $6$,$9$, and $12$) and maternal age at survey (splines with knots at $20$, $25$, $30$, $35$, $40$, and $45$). Community controls include time-varying changes at the community level: paved road status, electricity status, number of health posts, urban status, public phone status, distance to market, distance to the district capital center, and distance to the nearest health facility. All regressions include birth month fixed effects, birth year fixed effects, birth order fixed effects, and community fixed effects. 
\end{small}}
    \end{tabular}%
  \label{tab:cat_median}%
  }

\end{table}

\end{document}