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Supplementary Table S1. Correlations among all the original symptoms scales from age 5 to 27 years (n = 1,448)
DP 11DP 12DP 13DP 15DP 17DP 19DP 23DP 27AX 11AX 12AX 13AX 15AX 17AX 19AX 23AX 27STR 19STR 23STR 27INT 5INT 7INT 9DP 111DP 120.371DP 130.340.481DP 150.230.370.591DP 170.200.330.470.591DP 190.140.200.280.390.471DP 230.170.180.240.320.410.441DP 270.140.190.210.300.360.390.471AX 110.590.300.250.210.160.110.120.151AX 120.280.610.360.320.250.190.170.170.371AX 130.240.360.530.410.360.200.160.160.250.381AX 150.190.300.460.700.520.340.300.290.240.360.501AX 170.150.260.360.490.760.400.330.300.180.260.390.641AX 190.130.170.240.290.370.650.350.300.110.170.170.280.371AX 230.120.150.200.280.320.340.640.400.100.150.170.270.290.401AX 270.06*0.150.170.220.290.320.360.630.090.140.140.260.260.370.501STR 190.100.170.220.320.360.650.370.290.100.200.170.330.390.710.360.341STR 230.140.160.210.260.340.330.650.370.130.190.170.300.330.350.0670.360.501STR 270.070.140.150.240.290.320.360.590.130.200.130.290.280.320.410.630.400.511INT 50.150.120.100.090.090.070.070.080.160.110.150.080.080.04*0.070.070.060.070.091INT 70.130.130.080.100.100.090.140.080.180.160.170.160.130.04*0.100.06*0.080.140.100.601INT 90.140.150.130.100.090.100.140.150.180.190.160.140.100.070.130.080.110.190.150.550.581Note: DP, depression; AX, anxiety; STR, stress; I N T , i n t e r n a l i s i n g ; t h e n u m b e r f o l l o w i n g c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e a g e a t w h i c h t h e m e a s u r e m e n t w a s t a k e n . * i n d i c a t e s a n o n - s i g n i f i c a n t p - v a l u e ( i . e . , p e"0 . 0 5 ) .
S u p p l e m e n t a r y T a b l e S 2 . F i t i n d i c e s c o m p a r i n g a l t e r n a t i v e L G M s o f t h e t r a j e c t o r i e s o f d e p r e s s i o n and anxiety, ages 11 to 27 (n = 1,459)
Model descriptionBICAICCFITLIRMSEA1. Final model (described in the main text)72279717010.970.950.043A. Minor variations to the final model2. Same as final model except a quadratic depression slope in adolescence instead of piecewise 72375717980.960.930.053. Same as final model but without any allowance of non-linear change in adolescent depression72663721490.930.890.074. Same as final model but without residual variance covariances73714732100.820.730.10B. More parsimonious modelsAnxiety and depression each represented as a single trajectory from age 11-27 (linear only)74710743950.700.660.11Anxiety and depression each represented as a single trajectory from age 11-27 (linear+quadratic)74684742800.710.630.11Note: BIC, Bayesian Information Criterion; AIC, Akaike Information Criterion; RMSEA, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation; CFI, the Comparative Fit Index; TLI, Tucker-Lewis Index. B. models are considered more parsimonius because they have only 1 intercept and slope factor to represent each of anxiety and depression throughout.
Supplementary Table S3. Standardised parameter estimates from the dual processes Latent Growth Model (LGM) of anxiety and depression across adolescence and early adulthood [including intercept and slope means, variances and covariances (standard errors)] (n = 1,407)
DP-Int1DP- DP-DP- Int2DP- Slope2AX- Int1AX- Slope1AX- Int2AX-Slope2STR-Int2STR- Slope2Slope1(a)Slope1(b)Mean2.00-0.830.371.78-0.083.420.141.25-0.082.38-0.02Variance1.461.140.281.860.061.430.190.890.031.660.06DP-Int11.00DP-Slope1(a)0.34**1.00DP-Slope1(b)-0.27**-0.031.00DP-Int20.49**0.140.40**1.00DP-Slope2-0.21*-0.13-0.19-0.43*1.00AX-Int10.61**-0.22*-0.21**0.29**0.001.00AX-Slope10.010.39**0.62**0.35**-0.26*-0.43**1.00AX-Int20.47**0.120.28**0.82**-0.300.32**0.33**1.00AX-Slope2-0.27*-0.03-0.08-0.36*0.73**-0.15-0.21-0.36*1.00STR-Int20.43**0.15*0.27**0.77**-0.33*0.30**0.34**0.82**-0.30*1.00STR- Slope2-0.20*-0.14-0.04-0.28*0.68*0.01-0.26*-0.190.42-0.36*1.00Note: Fit indices indicated that the model fit the data satisfactorily (CFI=0.97; TLI=0.95; RMSEA=0.043; chi-square = 351.19; D.F = 99; p-value < 0.001). DP, depression; AX, anxiety; STR, stress; inter, intercept. The numerical suffix indicates the developmental period over which the intercept or slope was estimated (1=adolescence; 2=early adulthood). The change in depression during adolescence was non-linear and captured in DP-slope1 (a) and (b) which descend and ascend respectively. See figure one for a schematic representation of the means included in this table. All factor means, factor variances and residual covariances (not shown) were significant at p < 0.001, except the mean of the stress slope (which was 0.137) and the factor variances of DP-Slope2 and AX-Slope2 (which were 0.063 and 0.071 respectively). For factor covariances * indicates p<0.05 and ** indicates p<0.001. Factor means and variances are shown as unstandardised parameter estimates (as standardised variances = 1), however factor covariances are shown as standardised parameter estimates so that the strengths of the covariances are comparable to one another (i.e. scaled the same).
Supplementary Table S4. Structural equation model of the direct and indirect relationships among childhood internalising, adolescent anxiety and depression, and adult anxiety, depression and stress (n = 1,844)
Outcome/mediatorPredictorEst. (SE)p-ValueDirect effectsAdult anxiety interceptAdolescent depression intercept0.48 (0.06)<0.001Adolescent depression slope (b)0.50 (0.08)<0.001Childhood internalising factor0.07 (0.04)0.104Adult depression interceptAdolescent depression intercept0.67 (0.05)<0.001Adolescent depression slope (b)0.63 (0.06)<0.001Childhood internalising factor0.10 (0.04)0.006Adult stress interceptAdolescent anxiety intercept0.47 (0.05)<0.001Adolescent anxiety slope0.53 (0.07)<0.001Childhood internalising factor0.11 (0.04)0.007Adolescent anxiety interceptChildhood internalising factor0.28 (0.03)<0.001Adolescent depression interceptChildhood internalising factor0.19 (0.03)<0.001Adolescent depression slope (a)Childhood internalising factor-0.08 (.05)0.119Indirect effectsAdult anxiety interceptChildhood internalising factor0.13 (0.02)<0.001via Adolescent depression interceptAdult depression interceptChildhood internalising factor0.13 (0.02)<0.001via Adolescent depression interceptAdult stress interceptChildhood internalising factor0.09 (0.02)<0.001via Adolescent anxiety intercept
Note: Fit indices: CFI = 0.97; TLI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.033; chi-square = 599.39; D.F = 203; p-value <0.001. Estimates adjusted for gender and baseline SES. Estimates are based on a larger sample for which participants were eligible if they had at least one measure of anxiety, depression or stress at any follow-up from age 5 to 27 years.
Supplementary Table S5. Univariate attrition analysis comparing those included in the analysis (n = 1,418) versus those not included but with values on baseline demographic and temperament variables (n = 1,021) [expressed in OR with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI)] (total n = 2,439)
EffectOR (95% CI)P-valueOffspring genderref: male Female0.78 (0.66, 0.91)0.002SES1.50 (1.40, 1.61)<0.001Mother's age at baseline0.95 (0.93, 0.97)<0.001Birth weight1.00 (0.99, 1.00)0.969Gestational age1.00 (1.00, 1.01)0.471Activity1.05 (0.92, 1.20)0.444Rhythmic1.00 (0.90, 1.10)0.962Approach1.17 (1.05, 1.30)0.005Adaptable1.44 (1.26, 1.64)<0.001Intensity 1.03 (0.91, 1.16)0.690Mood1.07 (0.95, 1.20)0.243Persistence1.00 (0.90, 1.10)0.932Threshold1.19 (1.06, 1.35)0.004Note: Showing the odds of not being included in the study by baseline variables included in the final model. Baseline variables were ascertained in 1983 when the child was between 4 and 8 months of age. A higher score of SES indicates a lower SES background. Temperament traits at baseline were measured using the Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire, consisting of 95 items mapping onto 9 temperament traits (distractibility not used here), and found to have good test-retest reliability and internal consistency ADDIN EN.CITE Carey19781174(Carey and McDevitt, 1978)1174117417Carey, William BMcDevitt, Sean CRevision of the infant temperament questionnairePediatricsPediatrics735-73961519780031-4005(Carey and McDevitt, 1978)
Supplementary Text S1
The results in Supplementary Table S4 show a number of differences between those included and not included in the analysis. Firstly, females had a lower odds of being in the sample which was lost to follow-up (or conversely males had a greater odds of being lost to follow-up). Secondly, increasing maternal age was inversely associated with the odds of being included in the sample which was lost to follow-up (or conversely younger mothers were more likely to be lost). Thirdly, as SES was reversed (higher levels indicate less income and education), Supplementary Table S4 shows that lower SES was associated with loss to follow-up. Fourthly, as levels of approach, adaptable and threshold temperament increased so did the odds of being lost to follow-up, however there was no association with mood (the temperament trait most related to the variables of interest in our study measured at later ages). Lastly, birth weight, gestational age and the other temperament traits were not related to the likelihood of being lost to follow-up.
Supplementary Text S2
The 9 traits are briefly described here: (1) Activity the childs general level of motor activity (e.g., runs, not walks around house); (2) Rhythmicity- regularity of biological functioning (e.g., hungry at different times); (3) Approach eager or hesitant to partake in new situation (e.g., friendly if new adult visits); (4) Adaptability ease or difficulty adapting to new situation (e.g., accepts nail cutting without protest); (5) Threshold sensitivity to physical stimuli (e.g., ignores loud noises); (6) Mood tendency for negative or positive mood expression (e.g., cries when left alone to play); (7) Intensity of mood regardless of whether its positive or negative (e.g., plays quietly with toys); (8) Distractibility degree to which external stimuli alter behaviour (e.g., can be joked out of a bad mood); (9) Persistence time devoted to activity and resistance to distraction (e.g., practises until masters something) ADDIN EN.CITE Chess19911192(Chess and Thomas, 1991, Sewell, 1988)119211925Chess, StellaThomas, AlexanderTemperament and the concept of goodness of fitExplorations in temperament15-281991Springer1489906452Sewell198811931193119317Sewell, JOberklaid, FrankPrior, MSanson, AKyrios, MTemperament in Australian toddlersJournal of Paediatrics and Child HealthJournal of Paediatrics and Child Health343-34524619881440-1754(Chess and Thomas, 1991, Sewell et al., 1988).
Supplementary References
ADDIN EN.REFLIST Carey, W. B. & McDevitt, S. C. (1978). Revision of the infant temperament questionnaire. Pediatrics 61, 735-739.
Chess, S. & Thomas, A. (1991). Temperament and the concept of goodness of fit. In Explorations in temperament, pp. 15-28. Springer.
Sewell, J., Oberklaid, F., Prior, M., Sanson, A. & Kyrios, M. (1988). Temperament in Australian toddlers. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 24, 343-345.
Supplementary Table S6. Structural equation model of the direct and indirect relationships among childhood internalising, adolescent anxiety and depression, and adult anxiety, depression and stress in males (n = 698)
Outcome/mediatorPredictorEst. (SE)p-ValueDirect effectsAdult anxiety interceptAdolescent depression intercept0.62 (0.09)<0.001Adolescent depression slope (b)0.54 (0.10)<0.001Childhood internalising factor0.09 (0.06)0.146Adult depression interceptAdolescent depression intercept0.68 (0.07)<0.001Adolescent depression slope (b)0.60 (0.08)<0.001Childhood internalising factor0.12 (0.05)0.035Adult stress interceptAdolescent anxiety intercept0.65 (0.07)<0.001Adolescent anxiety slope0.56 (0.11)<0.001Childhood internalising factor0.03 (0.07)0.615Adolescent anxiety interceptChildhood internalising factor0.26 (0.05)<0.001Adolescent depression interceptChildhood internalising factor0.15 (0.05)0.001Adolescent depression slope (a)Childhood internalising factor-0.18 (0.07)0.009Indirect effectsAdult anxiety interceptChildhood internalising factor0.09 (0.03)0.003via Adolescent depression interceptAdult depression interceptChildhood internalising factor0.10 (0.03)0.001via Adolescent depression interceptAdult stress interceptChildhood internalising factor0.17 (0.04)<0.001via Adolescent anxiety intercept
Note: Estimates are based on a larger sample for which participants were eligible if they had at least one measure of anxiety, depression or stress at any follow-up from age 5 to 27 years.
Supplementary Table S7. Structural equation model of the direct and indirect relationships among childhood internalising, adolescent anxiety and depression, and adult anxiety, depression and stress in females (n = 708)
Outcome/mediatorPredictorEst. (SE)p-ValueDirect effectsAdult anxiety interceptAdolescent depression intercept0.45 (0.07)<0.001Adolescent depression slope (b)0.49 (0.09)<0.001Childhood internalising factor0.02 (0.05)0.654Adult depression interceptAdolescent depression intercept0.69 (0.08)<0.001Adolescent depression slope (b)0.65 (0.07)<0.001Childhood internalising factor0.08 (0.05)0.129Adult stress interceptAdolescent anxiety intercept0.39 (0.07)<0.001Adolescent anxiety slope0.55 (0.08)<0.001Childhood internalising factor0.14 (0.06)0.014Adolescent anxiety interceptChildhood internalising factor0.27 (0.05)<0.001Adolescent depression interceptChildhood internalising factor0.19 (0.04)<0.001Adolescent depression slope (a)Childhood internalising factor0.03 (0.08)0.685Indirect effectsAdult anxiety interceptChildhood internalising factor0.09 (0.02)<0.001via Adolescent depression interceptAdult depression interceptChildhood internalising factor0.13 (0.03)<0.001via Adolescent depression interceptAdult stress interceptChildhood internalising factor0.11 (0.02)<0.001via Adolescent anxiety intercept
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